Indo-Surinamese or Hindustani-Surinamese are the descendants of indentured labourers who were brought from the Indian subcontinent to the Dutch colony of Suriname. They are now a vibrant and resilient community that plays an important role in shaping the social, economic, and cultural fabric of Suriname. This group traces its origins, particularly to the regions that are modern-day Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in Northern India.
According to the 2012 Census of Suriname, 148,443 citizens of Suriname are of Indian origin, constituting 27.4% of the total population. This makes them the largest ethnic group in Suriname on an individual level. India and Suriname established diplomatic relations in 1976. India’s embassy in Paramaribo opened in 1977, while Suriname opened its embassy in New Delhi in 2000.
Table of Contents
Historical Background of the Indo-Surinamese Community
The Indo-Surinamese community owes its origins to the colonial era when the Dutch, who ruled Suriname from the 17th century until its independence in 1975, sought labourers to replace enslaved Africans after the abolition of slavery in 1863. The Dutch turned to India, then under British rule, to recruit indentured labourers for the sugar plantations of Suriname.
The Dutch government signed a treaty with the United Kingdom on recruitment of contract workers. The British viceroy called it “a new system of slavery”. India, being one of the British colonies, had to send its labourers to Suriname, and hence, the first ship, Lalla Rookh, arrived in Suriname on June 5, 1873, carrying 410 Indian labourers. Over the next four decades, approximately 34,000 Indians would follow under the indenture system, working under stringent and often exploitative conditions. This period of migration ended in 1916, but by then, the foundation for a new and unique community had been laid.
Cultural Contributions
One of the most enduring aspects of the Indo-Surinamese identity is their rich cultural traditions, which have deeply influenced Suriname's multicultural society.
Language
The language spoken by the Surinamese Indians is Sarnami or Sarnami-Hindustani whose basis is the dialect of Bhojpuri along with Awadhi, and also incorporates elements of Dutch, English, and Javanese. Today, Sarnami Hindustani serves as a cultural touchstone for the people, both in Suriname and the diaspora.
Religion and Festivals
The Indo-Surinamese community celebrates an array of festivals ranging from Hindu festivals like Diwali, Holi, and Ram Navami, to Islamic observances such as Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. Temples and mosques constructed by the early migrants still symbolize their spiritual dedication. The majority religion practised is Hinduism (78%), with Islam, Christianity, and Jainism being the others.
Cuisine
Their cuisine, characterized by its fusion of Indian spices and Surinamese ingredients, is a testament to cultural adaptation. Dishes like roti, bara (a fried lentil snack), and curry are immensely popular and widely enjoyed across ethnic lines in Suriname.
Music and Dance
Traditional Indian music and dance have evolved into unique Surinamese forms, mixing Indian rhythms with local and Caribbean influences. Genres like chutney music—a lively blend of Bhojpuri folk and Caribbean beats—are now celebrated worldwide, especially within the Indo-Caribbean diaspora.
Socio-Economic Contributions
The Indo-Surinamese have made significant contributions to the economy of Suriname. Initially confined to agricultural labour, many transitioned to becoming independent farmers after the abolition of the indenture system. They played a crucial role in the development of Suriname’s rice and vegetable production, sectors that remain vital to the country’s economy.
Over time, the community diversified into various professions, including business, medicine, education, and politics. The entrepreneurs who recognize themselves with this community have been instrumental in the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises, while professionals from the community have contributed to the modernization of Suriname’s infrastructure and services.
Political and Global Influence
The community has also been active in Surinamese politics. Leaders from the community played pivotal roles in the country’s journey toward independence and in shaping its post-independence political landscape. Prominent Surinamese Indian politicians, such as Jagernath Lachmon, co-founder of the Progressive Reform Party (VHP), have worked toward fostering national unity in a multiethnic society. The current President of Suriname, Chan Santokhi, is also of Indian descent.
The Indo-Surinamese diaspora has emerged as an influential force, particularly in the Netherlands, where many migrated during and after Suriname's independence in 1975. This diaspora has served as a bridge between Suriname and the wider world, fostering cultural exchange and contributing to the global recognition of Surinamese culture.
Challenges and Resilience
While the Indo-Surinamese have achieved remarkable success, their journey has not been without challenges. As Suriname is a South American country, discrimination and marginalization have, at times, posed obstacles to the progress of the Indian community there. Additionally, the transition from an agrarian to a modern economy has required significant adaptation.
This diaspora, particularly in countries like the Netherlands, the United States, and Canada, has faced the dual challenge of maintaining their cultural heritage while integrating into new societies. Despite these difficulties, the community has remained resilient, drawing on its rich traditions and strong sense of identity.
On the 150th year of marking India and Suriname’s bilateral relationship, Indian President Murmu has announced that India has decided to extend the eligibility criteria for the Overseas Citizen Of India card of the original Indian immigrants in Suriname from the fourth generation to the sixth generation. The President was happy to note that the Indian community in Suriname has been and is playing a crucial role in the country's economic, political, and social development.
Conclusion
The Indo-Surinamese story is one of adaptation, perseverance, and cultural richness. From their arrival in Suriname as indentured labourers to their emergence as a dynamic and influential community, the community has contributed significantly to the multicultural tapestry of Suriname. Their legacy is a testament to the enduring power of cultural identity and the human spirit's ability to thrive even in the face of adversity.
As Suriname continues to evolve, every ethnic community that shapes the country remains a vital part of its national narrative, embodying a harmonious blend of tradition and modernity. Their journey is a powerful reminder of the global connections that shape our world and the enduring impact of migration on human societies.
FAQs
Why did Indians go to Suriname?
In 1873 on a ship named Lalla Rookh, Indians were taken to the Dutch country of Suriname as indentured laborers, mostly from the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, and Tamil Nadu.
What nationality is Surinamese?
Suriname is a multiethnic society encompassing people of different ethnicities, races, religions, and national origins.
Does Suriname speak Hindi?
Sarnami Hindustani, a variant of Hindi is spoken by the Indo-Surinamese in Suriname. It combines elements from Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Magahi, and Dutch and English as well.
