When we talk about ‘Indianness’, what comes to mind, as an Indian Hindu (born into a family where Hinduism is followed), is the concept of ‘unity in diversity’. Cliched, of course. But I cannot help being awed by the fact that we have stayed together for millennia despite all our differences.
So, what is the invisible thread that binds us together? Is it ‘Indianness'? If yes, what is it? If not, what is it not?
This piece explores this in as many nuances as is logistical.
So here we are in 2024, holding up as one piece. In the past, we altered in shape and scope due to various external factors. Yet, we have to mention a bit of the context, as history is meant to be lessons that we can learn from. In this journey, I would call myself a ‘Seeker of Truth’.
Image source: Hinduism expansion in Asia in the past
India's presence extends to present-day Indonesia, with temples and structures built for Hindus and Buddhists. Hinduism was Indonesia's dominant religion until the 14th century, with over 80% of the population practising it during the Majapahit Empire's peak. Buddhism played a significant role in Indonesia's religious landscape, particularly during influential Buddhist empires like Srivijaya and Majapahit, where up to 50% of the population followed the faith.
Indonesia's Hinduism and Buddhism declined in the 13th century due to Islam, primarily brought by Muslim traders and missionaries. By the 16th century, Islam largely replaced Hinduism and Buddhism due to political dynamics, conflicts, and weakening Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms. As of 2023, around 2 million followers follow these religions.
For illustration purposes
Hindu, derived from Sindhu, meaning "a large body of water," was used to name the Indus River and its tributaries. It first appeared as a Persian geographical term for people living beyond the Indus River. Hindus adhere to aspects of Hinduism, and Hinduism has historically been used as a geographical, cultural, and religious identifier in the Indian subcontinent.
India faced numerous attacks throughout history, starting with Alexander in the 4th century, then Mongolian incursions, and then the Persians, beginning with Mohammed Ghazni in the 10th century. The British East India Company also took hold of India (18th–19th centuries) until the country united enough to gain independence in 1947.
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That was for context. Now, we delve into our ancient and almost forgotten attributes. This is meant to revel in, remind, and reprimand. It also informs the world of our capabilities and makes us proud of our ‘Indianness’. Let us dive in.
Hinduism
Hinduism, a diverse religion with numerous deities representing various aspects of life, nature, and the cosmos, promotes interfaith dialogue and multicultural participation. Its regional diversity reflects India's cultural heritage and is influenced by historical interactions with other religions like Buddhism, Jainism, and Islamic traditions. Devotees can connect with the divine in personalised ways.
Ethical and Philosophical Framework
Hindu philosophy's 'Unity of Existence' principle emphasises the unity of individual and universal souls, promoting interconnectedness among diverse communities. Rita, representing the cosmic order, governs the universe and human behaviour, guiding individuals to live in truth, justice, and righteousness. This principle emphasises the ethical duty of humans to maintain balance, guiding individuals to live in harmony with the natural world, society, and their inner selves, ensuring the well-being of all.
Samskaras are sacred Hindu rituals commemorating birth, marriage, and death. They purify individuals and strengthen familial and community bonds. Participating in these ceremonies connects individuals with family traditions, ensuring cultural continuity. They also foster a sense of belonging, guide people through life's key stages, and align with spiritual principles.
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The Smarta tradition in Hinduism views all deities as manifestations of Brahman, promoting multiple deities and philosophical inquiry alongside rituals. This tradition, along with its various smaller sects, enriches the dynamic and pluralistic fabric of Hinduism. This also allows the coexistence of philosophical exploration and ritual practices, facilitating various devotional expressions and spiritual experiences.
Moral Teachings of Hinduism
The Hindu principles of Dharma (righteous duty or moral responsibility), Karma (cause and effect), Samsara (cycle of birth, death, and rebirth), Moksha (liberation from Samsara, the world), and Ahimsa (non-violence) form the foundation. These interconnected principles serve as a guiding philosophy for Hindus in their spiritual and everyday lives. While prayer is often a personal practice, festive occasions bring together the collective participation of all social classes. When a community engages in shared activities, it fosters greater unity.
Liberation (Moksha)
Hinduism's philosophical schools, including Advaita Vedanta (non-dualism), Dvaita (dualism), and Yoga, offer distinct approaches to understanding existence, ethics, and the divine, demonstrating a polycentric approach to spiritual realisation.
Hinduism has four primary margas (paths): Karma Marga, Bhakti Marga, Jnana Marga, and Dhyana Marga. Karma Marga emphasises selfless action and duty, purifying the heart through dharma. Bhakti Marga centres on devotion to a personal god, cultivating love and surrender through prayers and rituals. Jnana Marga focuses on wisdom and self-realisation through sacred texts, leading to enlightenment and liberation. Dhyana Marga focuses on meditation and mindfulness for mental clarity and spiritual insight.
Sanatana Dharma
Sanātana Dharma, or "eternal dharma," is a universal principle in Hinduism that guides ethical living and spiritual growth. It is rooted in Vedic traditions and emphasises honesty, non-violence, purity, and truthfulness. The belief system focuses on self-realisation and inner peace through spiritual practices and daily rituals. Sanātana Dharma is seen as a way of life that transcends time, promoting harmony and truth realisation.
Image source: Sanatana Dharma
Symbolism
The Om symbol in Hinduism represents sacred sound and Atman, symbolising ultimate reality and consciousness. It is used in spiritual practices and rituals. The Swastika, a right-facing symbol, symbolises the sun, prosperity, and good luck. It is associated with auspiciousness and embodies Dharma and well-being principles in rituals and decorations.
Om - Symbol in Hinduism (for illustration purposes)
The World is One Family (Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam)
Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam is an ancient Indian philosophy emphasising humanity's interconnectedness, transcending borders, race, and religion. It promotes compassion, empathy, and respect for all living beings, fostering unity and harmony. Originating around 1000 BCE, it aims to build a peaceful, inclusive, and cooperative global society.
Sarva Dharma Sambhavana (Equal Respect for All Religions)
Sarva Dharma Sambhavana, a Sanskrit phrase promoting equal respect for all religions, is a fundamental principle in India's secular philosophy. It promotes tolerance and harmonious coexistence of different faiths, rooted in India's rich cultural and religious diversity, and individual respect without bias. Sarva Dharma Sambhavana is a philosophy that promotes religious tolerance, social harmony, and national unity, aligning with India's constitutional secularism. It emphasises the freedom of all to practise faith and promotes peace in a world often divided by religious conflicts.
Soul in a Body Concept
Hindu philosophy emphasises the eternal self (Atman) and the physical body, with the soul as a fundamental aspect. Atman represents an individual's essence and pure consciousness, connected to Brahman. The physical body, or sharira, is a temporary vessel for Atman, subject to natural laws. Atman undergoes a reincarnation cycle until moksha, or liberation, signifies oneness with Brahman. Spiritual practices like meditation and devotion help individuals realise their true selves.
Image source: Body - a temporary vessel for Atman
Aham Brahmasmi and Tat Tvam Asi
Aham Brahmasmi, a core tenet in Hinduism's Advaita Vedanta philosophy, signifies the individual self's identity with universal consciousness, expressing the unity of Atman (individual self) and Brahman (universal consciousness). It is a profound Sanskrit mantra that translates to "I am Brahman." It reflects a fundamental concept in Hinduism regarding the nature of reality and the self.
"Tat Tvam Asi," meaning "That art thou," comes from the Chandogya Upanishad. It conveys that the essence of the individual self (Atman) is the same as the universal consciousness (Brahman). This concept encourages individuals to realise their intrinsic unity with the divine.
Religious Texts
Hinduism's religious texts, such as the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, and Bhagavad Gita, are the foundational scriptures for spiritual, ethical, and philosophical practices. These texts cover various topics, from rituals to metaphysical inquiries. Written in ancient languages like Sanskrit, they are timeless wisdom sources that have shaped Hinduism's beliefs and practices for millennia.
Vedas (1500 BCE and 500 BC)
The ethical and philosophical framework that underpins India's unity is deeply connected to the Vedas, which were originally transmitted orally before being recorded in written form. These sacred texts provide moral and philosophical guidance, emphasising truth, morality, and compassion that shape societal standards.
By Ms Sarah Welch - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73838568
Regarded as divine revelations, the Vedas are not attributed to any single author but are believed to have been revealed to ancient sages (Rishis) during meditation. They reflect the spirituality and culture of ancient India, embodying collective wisdom passed down through generations. Over time, additional texts emerged, with the four main Vedas being the Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, and Atharva Veda.
The Rigveda and Yajurveda are philosophical texts that emphasise sacrifice, truth pursuit, and cosmology, respectively. They encourage reflection on the universe and gods, suggesting a complex ultimate reality. The Rigveda prioritises rituals for cosmic order and harmony, while the Yajurveda focuses on the influence of human actions on the divine.
The Samaveda emphasises the role of music and chanting in religious practices, particularly during rituals and hymns. It also highlights the aesthetic dimension of spirituality, suggesting that devotion can be expressed through music and art. The Atharvaveda, a Vedic text, focuses on everyday life, healing, and practical knowledge, addressing social, political, and ethical issues while emphasising the interconnectedness of spiritual and material worlds.
Collectively, the Vedas offer a comprehensive understanding of Hindu philosophy, integrating ritual, music, ethics, and divine inquiry. They emphasise dharmic living, sacrifice, and truth-seeking as key paths to comprehending the universe and one's place.
Upanishads (800 BCE and 400 BC)
Vedanta is a Hindu philosophical system rooted in the Upanishads, the concluding part of the Vedas. These texts examine ultimate truths such as Brahman and Atman and their unity in the quest for spiritual liberation. Originally transmitted orally, they were later recorded in written form and provided moral and philosophical guidance, emphasising truth, morality, and compassion that shape societal norms.
By Unknown author - https://asia.si.edu/object/F2006.4/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24823617
Different schools of Vedanta—Advaita (non-dualism), Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism), and Dvaita (dualism)—interpret the relationship between Brahman and Atman in distinct ways. Advaita Vedanta, founded by Adi Shankaracharya in the 8th century CE, posits that there is no distinction between the individual self and ultimate reality, highlighting the illusory nature of the material world.
Vishishtadvaita, founded by Ramanuja (11th–12th century CE), asserts that Brahman is the ultimate reality, but individual souls maintain unique identities and relationships with God. Dvaita Vedanta, established by Madhva (13th century CE), emphasises devotion and personal relationships with the divine. Vishishta encourages self-inquiry and meditation to realise one's true nature and attain moksha (liberation from the cycle of birth and death).
Other Religious Texts
Image source: Bhagavata Purana
Puranas are ancient texts covering mythology, cosmology, and traditional lore, such as the Vishnu, Shiva, and Devi Bhagavata Puranas. The Puranas are ancient Indian literature containing mythological stories, traditions, cosmology, and religious teachings, often focusing on the histories of gods, goddesses, and ancient dynasties. Agamas and Tantras focus on ritual practices, temple architecture, and spiritual disciplines, particularly in Shakta (dynamic energy) and Shaiva (static consciousness) traditions. Smriti literature includes remembered texts like Dharma Shastras, Aranyakas, and Brahmanas, which deal with law, ethics, and Vedic rituals.
Epistemology, Cerebralism and Pramana
Hindu philosophy places significant emphasis on epistemology, or the theory of knowledge, particularly through the concept of pramana, which refers to the means of acquiring valid knowledge. It categorises knowledge into aparā (empirical or everyday knowledge) and parā (transcendental or spiritual knowledge), highlighting the need to understand how knowledge is obtained and the validity of its sources.
Various Indian philosophical schools, such as Nyaya, Vedanta, and Buddhism, delve into different forms of pramana, including perception (Pratyaksha), inference (Anumana), comparison (Upamana), and verbal testimony (Shabda). Each school debates the reliability of these methods in acquiring true knowledge. Ultimately, Indian epistemology seeks to blend theoretical knowledge with practical wisdom, guiding individuals toward liberation (moksha) through a correct understanding of reality and existence, thereby enriching spiritual insight and everyday life.
Cerebralism, the belief that the brain is the primary consciousness organ, is linked to Hindu philosophy, which explores the relationship between the mind, body, and self (Atman). Hinduism's epistemology focuses on empirical and transcendental aspects of knowledge acquisition, with pramana focusing on practical reality and cerebralism on cognitive processes and intellect. The pramana approach aims to free seekers from ignorance and enhance self-understanding.
Image source: Pramana
Omnipresent God
Hinduism emphasises the concept of omnipresence, where God exists in all forms and deities, reflecting the ultimate reality, Brahman. This implies that God is not confined to a specific location but permeates all creation, including nature and the universe. Hindu texts depict God as a thread connecting all entities, reinforcing divinity's immanent and transcendent nature. This omnipresence is accessible through prayer and meditation, highlighting Brahman's transcendent existence beyond the material universe.
Myth of 330 million Gods
Hindus view the trinity of Brahma (creator), Vishnu (preserver), and Shiva (destroyer) as central deities. The Hindu myth of 330 million gods serves as a symbolic representation rather than a literal count, illustrating the vast diversity and infinite manifestations of the divine within Hindu tradition. The term 33 koti (crore), originally meaning 'types' or 'classes,' was later misinterpreted as millions.
The 33 deities include 12 Adityas (solar gods), 11 Rudras (forms of Shiva), 8 Vasus (elemental gods), and 2 Ashvins (twin deities), each representing various aspects of nature and cosmic forces. The concept of 330 million gods signifies the infinite nature of the divine, allowing it to manifest in countless forms to address individual spiritual needs.
Hinduism is a belief system that emphasises the unity of the divine, with deities as manifestations of Brahman. It encompasses both polytheism and monotheism and acknowledges various aspects of life.
Idol Worship
Idol worship, or murti puja, is a significant aspect of Hinduism. Devotees venerate physical representations of deities made from clay, wood, or metal. These idols symbolise the divine presence of the gods and goddesses. Rituals involve offerings, prayers, and ceremonies, fostering a personal connection between the devotee and the deity. Idol worship allows individuals to engage with their spirituality and cultural heritage within Hinduism.
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Caste System
The Hindu caste system, originating from the Vedic period in India, was initially based on the Varna system, which divided society into four main categories: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (merchants), and Shudras (labourers). The Rigveda and Jati (caste) systems later consolidated the Varna system, dividing people into thousands of sub-castes based on birth and occupation. The Manusmriti, composed between 200 BCE and 200 CE, further solidified these social divisions.
Originally intended to uphold social order, the caste system in India has transformed into a mechanism of discrimination and exclusion, especially affecting lower castes and "untouchables," known as Dalits. Brahmins are considered spiritual and intellectual authorities, while Shudras and Dalits face restrictions on education, religious practices, and social interaction. The medieval period saw caste intertwined with land ownership and power, reinforcing higher caste privileges.
British colonial rule in India in the 18th and 19th centuries reinforced the caste system through census classifications and administrative practices. Social reformers like Roy, Phule, and Ambedkar challenged it, advocating for equality and rights for lower castes and Dalits. After independence, the caste system remained deeply ingrained in Indian society.
Image source: Hindu caste system
The reservation system in India has improved opportunities for historically oppressed castes, but caste-based discrimination persists, particularly in rural areas. Dalit movements and political parties have highlighted the importance of marginalised castes, with leaders like Kanshi Ram and Mayawati highlighting the issue. Social media and education have provided new platforms for these communities to raise awareness, fight discrimination, and increase inter-caste marriages.
Ramayana, Mahabharata and Bhagavad Gita
The Ramayana, a Valmiki-authored epic, tells the story of Prince Rama's exile, Ravana's abduction of his wife Sita, and Hanuman's rescue. Written between 500 BCE and 400 CE, it explores themes of righteousness, loyalty, and ideal societal roles, with Rama as a model.
The Mahabharata, a complex epic by Vyasa, explores family conflict, politics, fate, and morality, highlighting the ambiguity of right and wrong through characters. It tells the story of the Kuru dynasty, focusing on the Pandavas and Kauravas' rivalry and the Kurukshetra war.
Image source: Krishan dispels the Gita to Arjuna
The Bhagavad Gita, along with the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Ramayana, is a Hindu scripture that teaches Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, and Jnana Yoga. It symbolises the ethical, spiritual, and philosophical foundations of Hindu thought, focusing on themes of duty, justice, devotion, and the eternal nature of the soul. It has influenced philosophers, leaders, and spiritual seekers worldwide.
Spiritual Wisdom of ‘Neti, Neti’ (Not This, Not This)
The Neti, Neti method is a Hindu philosophical approach, primarily within the Advaita Vedanta school, that seeks truth and understanding of existence through negation. It involves a systematic questioning process where one denies various attributes, identities, and experiences as the true self, starting with statements like "I am not my body," "I am not my thoughts," and "I am not my emotions." This process ultimately leads to the realisation of the pure, undifferentiated self (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman).
The Neti, Neti method is a spiritual practice that challenges dualistic thinking by negating conceptual identities, allowing practitioners to experience non-duality and unity with Brahman. This method demonstrates the quest for truth through layering and unconditioned consciousness, leading to the profound insight of Aham Brahmasmi, or "I am Brahman," naturally emerging from Neti, Neti practice.
Respect for All Religions
Sarva Dharma Sambhavana, or equal respect for all religions, has been a significant concept in India's religious and political history. Mahatma Gandhi, a prominent advocate of religious tolerance, believed in the intrinsic value of all faiths and promoted interfaith dialogue based on Sarva Dharma Sambhavana. He emphasised non-violence and mutual respect, believing all religions ultimately lead to the same truth.
Image source: Unity in diversity
Swami Vivekananda, Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore, and India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru promoted Hindu philosophy globally, emphasising the universality of spiritual truths and the validity of all paths to the divine. They also advocated for unity among religions and cultures, respecting and celebrating diversity. Their policies embody the principles of Sarva Dharma Sambhavana.
Tolerance for Other Religions
Sarva Dharma Sambhavana, or equal respect for all religions, is a significant concept in India's religious and political history. Mahatma Gandhi promoted interfaith dialogue, focusing on non-violence and mutual respect, believing all religions lead to the same truth. Swami Vivekananda, Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore, and India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru promoted Hindu philosophy, universal spiritual truths, and cultural diversity. They shaped India's inclusive, pluralistic approach to religion, promoting a secular state where all religions were equally respected and the state remained neutral in religious matters.
Spiritual or Philosophical Thought Streams with 'Indianness'
'Indianness' encompasses various spiritual and philosophical traditions, reflecting the cultural, ethical, and spiritual landscape of the Indian subcontinent. Hindu philosophy, including Advaita Vedanta, Samkhya, and Yoga, emphasises dharma, karma, and moksha, while texts like the Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita emphasise knowledge, self-realisation, and interconnectedness.
Image source: Adi Shankaracharya propagated Advaita Vedanta
Jainism, an Indigenous Indian tradition, promotes self-discipline, compassion, and self-liberation through self-discipline and moral rigour. Sikhism, a 15th-century blend of Hindu and Islamic beliefs, emphasises God's oneness, equality, and social justice. It focuses on community service and devotion, enhancing India's spiritual fabric.
The Bhakti Movement, originating in medieval India (7th–17th century), promotes personal devotion to a chosen deity, fostering emotional connection. Saints like Ramanuja, Kabir, and Mirabai advocate for devotion over rituals, promoting inclusivity. Indian mythology and folk traditions emphasise experiential spirituality, while Islamic philosophy and Sufism in India emphasise love, unity, and divine truth, transcending religious boundaries.
Sectarian Clashes Among the Hindus in the Past
Hinduism has faced historical sectarian conflicts due to differing beliefs, practices, and interpretations of philosophy. Shaiva and Shakta are two major sects focusing on different deities and philosophical perspectives. Despite their peaceful coexistence, the Vaishnavism and Shaivism rivalry often leads to social and political conflicts. Hindus often worship Shiva and Shakti, particularly in their combined form, Ardhanarishvara. Both sects are deeply interconnected within Hinduism.
Image source: Bhakti Movement
The Bhakti Movement was a medieval Indian spiritual and social reform that emphasised devotion to a personal god as the path to salvation. It aimed to break social barriers, promote equality, and influence reformist traditions like Sikhism. Saints and poets like Kabir, Tulsidas, Meera Bai, and Guru Nanak spread messages of unity and devotion. Despite tensions between traditional sects and emerging saints, Hinduism is known for its pluralism and tolerance, with many sects coexisting and engaging in dialogue over centuries.
Conquests by the Hindus
Hinduism did not historically conquer nations like other empires or religions. However, Indian kingdoms and empires, like the Maurya Empire, expanded through military conquests, including Afghanistan and Pakistan, and promoted Buddhism.
The Gupta Empire, a golden age in Indian history, expanded territories through military campaigns and diplomacy, focusing on northern and central India. The Chola Dynasty dominated Southeast Asia, establishing trade relations and cultural exchanges. The Rajput Kingdoms (7th–17th centuries) were renowned for their military strength, regional dominance, and cultural exchanges, primarily battling foreign invaders like the Mughals.
Historic Perception of Indians by the Rest of the World
Cultural exchanges, colonial encounters, and economic interactions have shaped the world's perception of Indians. In ancient times, Indian civilisation was praised for its advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy. However, the colonial era saw European powers portray Indians as exotic and superstitious.
Image source: Harappan civilisation
India's post-independence image has evolved, symbolising resilience, democracy, economic growth, cultural diversity, and global spirituality. Its role in technology, film, and yoga has enriched its global presence, fostering a more nuanced understanding of its rich heritage and achievements.
Authors on 'Indianness'
Historians have explored the concept of 'Indianness' through various lenses, highlighting the complexities of identity in the Indian subcontinent. Historical narratives reveal the pluralism of Indian society, influenced by diverse languages, religions, and cultures. Nationalist historians reclaimed Indian identity by emphasising its ancient civilisation, cultural richness, and contributions to global knowledge.
Historians Kaviraj and Chatterjee analyse 'Indianness's evolution in globalisation, revealing a dynamic blend of tradition, modernity, and identity that reflects ongoing identity negotiation.
There are authors in modern times who have explored the nuances of ‘Indianness'. Some are:
Gurucharan Das, an Indian author and public intellectual, is renowned for his insightful writings on economics, philosophy, and culture, including India Grows at Night and The Difficulty of Being Good, which delves into the complexities of Indian society. Shashi Tharoor, an Indian author, politician, and diplomat, is renowned for his insightful writings on India's history, culture, and politics, often addressing contemporary challenges in India through his works like The Great Indian Novel and An Era of Darkness. His book ‘Why I am a Hindu’ opens up the outlook of modern Indians who find a balance between tradition and the contemporary.
Arundhati Roy, an influential Indian author and activist, is known for her novel The God of Small Things, which explores social issues in India, such as caste and gender discrimination, and the impact of globalisation. Chetan Bhagat, an Indian author and motivational speaker, is known for his contemporary novels like Five Point Someone and One Night @ the Call Center, which explore themes of aspiration, love, and societal pressures in modern Indian life.
Indian authors Salman Rushdie and Trinidadian V.S. Naipaul contributed to understanding 'Indianness' through their works, such as Midnight's Children and India: A Wounded Civilization, highlighting the complexities of Indian identity in the context of cultural heritage and colonial legacy.
Non-Indian authors Rudyard Kipling and E.M. Forster explored the concept of 'Indianness', highlighting its complexities. Kipling's works, like Kim and The Jungle Book, explore Indian culture, while Forster's "A Passage to India" delves into Anglo-Indian relationships.
Other World Philosophies
Other philosophies include Ubuntu, Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, African Humanism, Indigenous Wisdom Traditions, Stoicism, Collectivism, and Altruism. They all emphasise interconnectedness and community, with interconnectedness focusing on individual well-being and the connection between actions and the collective. Moral and ethical values propounded are social justice, compassion, empathy, and community harmony.
Image source: Buddhism
Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Indigenous wisdom are philosophical systems that promote harmony, balance, peace, and sustainability. They emphasise community identity and shared values over individualism, highlighting the impact of relationships on personal identity. Holistic well-being, a holistic approach, focuses on the collective well-being of the community and environment, encompassing emotional, spiritual, and physical aspects, promoting well-rounded development.
Compassion and empathy are central themes in various religions, such as altruism, Buddhism, Ubuntu, and African humanism. These philosophies promote understanding, kindness, and support for others. They encourage community, social responsibility, and ethical living, promoting a harmonious world and believing that true fulfilment comes from relationships with others and the environment.
Hinduism as a Way of Life
Hinduism is a holistic approach to living that integrates spirituality, ethics, culture, and daily practices. It is a diverse system of beliefs, rituals, and philosophies that guide every aspect of life. The ultimate goal of life is to attain moksha (liberation from the cycle of birth and death) through self-realisation and spiritual growth. This involves following moral duties varying according to age, role, and stage and striving for karma (right action) to achieve balance and harmony.
Image source: Purusharthas (goals of life)
Hinduism is a religion that emphasises the four purusharthas (goals of life): dharma (duty), artha (prosperity), kama (pleasure), and moksha (liberation). These goals guide individuals to live fulfilling lives while maintaining spiritual awareness. Hinduism's flexibility and openness to interpretations make it a comprehensive guide to meaningful and harmonious living in the world.
Existential Issues for Humans
Humans can technically live without certain material or non-essential aspects, such as material possessions and excessive technology. Material possessions, such as wealth and luxury goods, provide comfort but are unnecessary for survival or happiness. Additionally, while technology has improved human life, it is not essential for survival. For millennia, humans lived without modern conveniences like smartphones, computers, and electricity. These aspects are now essential for survival and enhancing the quality of life.
If we look at identity from the existentialist point of view, the importance of personal values and self-awareness over external validation and ego in human existence. It also highlights the potential for humans to live without entertainment and leisure activities, which are essential for mental well-being but not for physical survival. It also suggests that complex societal constructs, such as political and economic structures, can be replaced by simpler communal structures for survival.
Many of these "non-essential" aspects contribute significantly to the emotional, intellectual, and psychological dimensions of human life. While not necessary for survival, they enrich human existence and provide deeper meaning and fulfilment.
'Indianness'
'Indianness', its significance in cultural, social, and political contexts, and the dynamic nature of national identity in India. It emphasises India's cultural diversity, emphasising the concept of "Unity in Diversity" and its role in national identity. It should discuss the historical evolution of Indian identity, including key milestones and the impact of colonialism and the struggle for independence. It also discusses the importance of national symbols and rituals in binding communities and reinforcing a collective identity.
For illustration purposes
Festivals are crucial in promoting cultural unity and shared values among diverse populations. However, contemporary challenges like regionalism, religious tensions, and socio-economic disparities impact national unity. Identity politics and demographic changes shape perceptions of 'Indianness'. Traditional crafts and art forms reflect cultural heritage and national pride; initiatives are needed to preserve and promote these arts. The impact of globalisation on 'Indianness' is also discussed, considering both positive and negative aspects. Contemporary expressions of identity through literature, cinema, and digital media are also discussed.’
Identity
Who are you? Who am I?
These deep questions aim to capture the multifaceted nature of 'Indianness' while emphasising the idea of synergy.
India’s rich cultural heritage, encompassing knowledge of science, art, philosophy, and spirituality, deeply influences the sense of 'Indianness' in modern times. This heritage provides continuity amidst the nation’s rapid modernisation, helping Indians balance tradition and progress. We have several examples in the past. Some names are Aryabhatta (arithmetic, algebra, astronomy, concept of zero), Chanakya (philosopher, statesman, and economist), Susruta and Charaka (Ayurveda), etc.
The ancient structures of the Hindu kingdoms—the Sun Temple, Khajuraho Temples, and many others—stand proudly among those built by the Mughals—the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, etc. In essence, the acumen of all rulers is manifested in various forms of art, architecture, and literature. Modern personalities, including Dr. Abdul Kalam, Satyendra Nath Bose, C.V. Raman, Vikram Sarabhai, Har Gobind Khorana, and many more, have contributed to the world in memorable ways.
Hindu philosophy emphasises the importance of acceptance, resilience, and hope in Indian culture, which continues to influence contemporary Indian identity. The belief in individuality is reflected in Hindu worship, where festivities are fun-oriented social gatherings alongside religious rituals. India's heritage continues to shape and strengthen this contemporary sense of 'Indianness'.
Emotions of a True Indian
The feeling of 'Indianness' goes beyond national identity—it's an emotional bond. This concept holds for other nationalities, too, such as Americanness or Germanism. Every individual, as a citizen of Earth, is likely to feel an inherent connection to their birthplace, its history, its present, and its future possibilities.
Pride and Joy
'Indianness' embodies a rich tapestry of culture, tradition, and history, fostering a sense of pride among Indians across the globe. Indians take immense joy in many aspects of 'Indianness', celebrating the country's diverse and rich cultural, spiritual, and historical heritage. These elements foster a deep sense of pride, happiness, and unity among Indians at home and abroad.
Image source: India’s pride
Indians are proud of their diverse cultural heritage, encompassing traditions, languages, and beliefs. Their spiritual depth, rooted in ancient religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, influences their national identity through festivals, rituals, and philosophies. India's contributions to art, science, and philosophy, such as the Taj Mahal and ancient texts like the Vedas and Upanishads, are celebrated globally. India's diverse culture symbolises its "unity in diversity" and is celebrated through events like Diwali, Holi, and Eid.
Sadness
'Indianness' celebrates India's cultural heritage but also highlights historical issues like caste-based discrimination, untouchability, and communalism. Despite legal reforms, the caste system continues to marginalise scheduled castes and tribes, hindering their social and economic progress and causing concern.
Image source: Gender violence
India faces significant social issues such as gender inequality, violence against women, and child abuse, with socio-cultural norms exacerbated. Poverty and corruption further limit access to education, healthcare, and basic resources for many Indians.
Indians, despite their pride in their identity, recognise the need to address communal tensions, often fueled by religious divisions, which lead to social segregation and unrest, highlighting the need for a more equitable society.
Shame
India's cultural and historical heritage is a source of pride. Still, societal issues like social inequality, caste system marginalisation, corruption, and inefficiency in the political system continue to marginalise many, particularly Dalits. Public discussions about corruption and inefficiency in the political system harm India's global image and citizens' trust in governance. Issues like gender inequality and violence against women highlight India's struggle to uphold its values of equality and respect for all. Despite its achievements, these issues reflect ongoing struggles for a more just and equitable society.
Neo-Hinduism
Neo-Hinduism, a 19th-century reform movement, reimagines Hinduism as a universal, ethical, and spiritual tradition. It advocates for rejecting caste-based discrimination and fosters a sense of spiritual unity among different faiths. Shaped by the teachings of figures like Swami Vivekananda and movements such as Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj, Neo-Hinduism aligns with modern ideals of science and rationality, emphasising the interconnectedness of all religious paths.
Image source: Political spectrum
Neo-Hindutva is a modern form of Hindutva ideology that promotes Hindu identity and values through contemporary political strategies. It addresses anti-globalisation, religious conversions, and the global Hindu diaspora. Critics argue it increases social polarisation, while supporters see it as essential for preserving Hindu identity in a globalised world. Neo-Hindutva is a more vocal and expansive form of Hindu nationalism.
Digital platforms are increasingly utilised to disseminate spiritual knowledge, making Hindu teachings more accessible to younger generations. These reforms challenge traditional practices and politicised interpretations of Hinduism, which critics argue marginalise certain groups due to religious identity.
Commercialisation of Hinduism
The commercialisation of Hinduism, driven by globalisation, tourism, and digital platforms, has transformed religious practices, festivals, and symbols into commercial enterprises. Major festivals like Diwali and Holi are celebrated globally, while yoga and meditation are commodified into multibillion-dollar industries. Religious pilgrimages to sacred sites are marketed as spiritual tourism destinations, transforming deeply personal practices into economic activities. This commodification is seen as sacrilegious.
Ancient Indian Philosophy Carried to Modern Times
Ancient Indian philosophical thought, centred on self, actions, and liberation, has significantly influenced modern ethical frameworks and spiritual practices. The principle of non-violence (ahimsa) has influenced animal rights and sustainable living, reflecting Jainism's reverence for all life forms.
Yoga and meditation, originating from ancient Indian philosophy, are increasingly recognised in the modern wellness industry for their ability to promote physical health, mental well-being, and spiritual growth. They are also used in educational settings and therapy, highlighting their relevance to modern mental health approaches.
Image source: Philosophy behind Philosophy
Ancient Indian philosophies, including Samkhya and Yoga, have significantly influenced contemporary psychology by addressing mind, self, perception, dualism, consciousness-matter division, and integrating Eastern thought into Western psychological frameworks.
Integrating Eastern and Western philosophies has enhanced modern philosophical discourse by synthesising ideas, highlighting human experience, and providing complementary perspectives on existential questions and ethical considerations.
Indian Diaspora
The Indian diaspora, comprising 35.4 million people, is the largest overseas diaspora globally. It contributes to the economies and cultures of host countries while maintaining strong ties with India. This diverse community, including NRIs and PIOs, is involved in politics, business, and academia, bridging India and the international community.
Image source: Indian diaspora in the world
Role of Globalisation in Expressions of 'Indianness'
Globalisation has shaped the Indian diaspora's modern expressions of 'Indianness', enabling them to maintain heritage ties while adapting to global cultures. With increased access to technology, communication, and media, these communities act as cultural ambassadors, promoting Indian traditions abroad and incorporating modern global influences into their daily lives.
Image source: Globalisation
Globalisation has bolstered the diaspora's political and economic influence in India, transforming 'Indianness' into a hybrid of traditional and modern aspects. Recognising these circumstances is crucial for unity and peace, preventing the 'old and new' feud.
Syncretism is the integration of diverse religious, cultural, or philosophical traditions into a cohesive system, often resulting from the interaction of different belief systems. Influenced by cultural changes like colonisation and globalisation, it manifests in art, rituals, and social practices, often involving reconciling conflicting ideas.
Unity Between Religious Groups Among the Indian Diaspora
The Indian diaspora's diverse religious groups, including Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Jainism, and Sikhism, contribute to unity and global success. However, religious differences persist, with diaspora communities in the U.S. celebrating their unique identities and celebrating diverse festivals. In India, the challenge lies in balancing tolerance with segregated religious groups. While religious pluralism is celebrated, some communities advocate for peaceful coexistence, highlighting the complexities of maintaining unity while respecting distinct identities within the diaspora.
Interfaith Collaborations
Interfaith dialogues in the Indian diaspora have been instrumental in peace-building efforts, fostering harmony and understanding among religious groups. These events, organised in the U.S. and the U.K., promote cultural cohesion and shared values across Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity, thereby reducing religious tensions and strengthening communities through mutual respect and shared goals.
Intersectionalities: Being Human and Being Indian
The relationship between being human and being Indian is intricate and influenced by cultural, historical, social, and philosophical factors. It encompasses shared traits like belonging, community, creativity, and purpose, essential in Indian society, where individuals seek meaningful relationships and identity within their communities.
Image source: Looking inward
India's cultural diversity, including languages, religions, and customs, is crucial to its identity and human experiences. Indian philosophy, based on concepts like dharma, karma, and moksha, offers a framework for understanding existence and societal roles, connecting the concept of being Indian to universal human experiences.
India's colonial history and independence struggle have shaped its national identity and humanity. Gandhi's non-violence and community solidarity embody universal human values. India's intersectionality is influenced by identity, caste, gender, and socioeconomic status, with the caste system presenting unique challenges for marginalised communities. Understanding these intersectionalities is crucial for understanding India's social dynamics. In modern times, India's identity is influenced by urbanisation, migration, and cultural globalisation, reflecting universal human adaptation and change. It blends traditional values with contemporary global influences, promoting dialogue about human existence in a rapidly changing world. This will continue to evolve as globalisation is shrinking the world quickly.
Looking Inward
Before I take the liberty to urge you to look inward, let me narrate a mini-story.
This is the story of four sages in Hindu philosophy. They represent the four main spiritual paths: Jnana, Bhakti, Karma, and Raja. Each sage follows one of these paths to achieve spiritual realisation. A storm forces them to shelter in a dilapidated structure, where God appears and reveals that all their journeys lead to the same ultimate truth: divine realisation. This story highlights the Hindu belief that various spiritual paths are equally valid, each suited to different temperaments. It emphasises the unity of purpose in a diversity of practice, teaching that, through intellect, devotion, action, or meditation, all seekers are on the same journey toward spiritual liberation and divine truth.
The above poses a few thoughts.
- Are we all following any of the above paths with commitment?
- What does the progress of a nation mean to you? Is it only for yourself and your family? Or is your consciousness expansive enough to include all citizens of the country? Remember that you enjoy some common privileges because many others also pay taxes.
- Are you aware of the general progress the nation has made in the last 75 years since independence?
- Do you vote for inclusivity or exclusion? How do you convince yourself whom to give your vote to?
- Has India overcome its position as a hunger-free nation? Where do we stand regarding employment, health, education, social discrimination, gender bias, peace, and freedom of expression? Add any of your concerns that I may have missed. Have you devised a solution for any of the above and recommitted yourself? Or are you happy with the status quo?
- Go to the extent of self-criticism to get yourself to act with diligence. Urge others to do as well.
- Dispel ignorance and encourage awareness because some are living in a false world. Be patient. Not all flowers in a plant bloom at the same time.
All of the above indices for India are far from perfect. As a patriot, I think each one of us has a lot of work to do. The onus is not on your neighbour to carry out the task that you are supposed to do.
There is no running away from the fact that you were born an Indian or to an Indian. Even if you have relocated elsewhere, I hope your heart beats for India. Do look within yourself. And no cheating, please. I mean to say that there should be no room for self-delusion. Be brave and honest. Call a spade a spade. The Indian version of this is "Jo hai, so hai" (जो है, सो है) - this phrase reflects the idea of accepting and stating things as they are without embellishment.
Further Thought (Are We Faltering?)
Every human being is selfish. It is inherent in the struggle for survival, evident from the very first cry of a baby. Everything that people do is essentially for themselves. Even when they care for others, they do it because it gives them happiness. That leads me to say that people conduct themselves in a way that brings them happiness, convenience, or both.
When there is a balance between what one does for oneself and others, it is a win-win situation. When the balance tilts in one direction, the chances of making others dislike or hate you are higher. Simply put, relationships are broken due to unbridled exploitation. In other words, selfishness leads to self-interest, which serves as a means of survival for those on the receiving end. Bringing out the best in others is one aspect a human should strive for—religious or irreligious. This is because we are in the consciousness sphere, whether we realise it or not.
The concept of 'Indianness' has been debated, with many arguing that it has lost its original meaning due to various factors, including globalisation, cultural homogenisation, and political dynamics. The relationship between God and nature in the context of 'Indianness' has evolved significantly from ancient to modern times, reflecting changes in spiritual beliefs, cultural practices, and societal values.
"Puraanamityeva na sadhu sarvam" is a Sanskrit phrase that emphasises that age alone doesn't guarantee virtue or correctness, as it suggests that just because something is ancient or traditional doesn't make it inherently right or just. This goes on to show the open-minded nature of a true Indian. I wish to point out that polarisation is seeping into our society. Individuals and organisations, including political parties, sometimes ‘hide behind God’ to implement their agenda. This has to be looked at with trepidation since it serves to divide rather than unite.
In modern times, when devices all easily connect us, the opportunities for cooperation and peaceful coexistence are galore. Yet, some of us choose to lower our faculties to basal instincts. Healthy, productive arguments turn out to be ugly. Tolerance is dropped at the drop of a hat. We should ask ourselves whether this is the world we want. If yes, then the path to destruction is clear. If not, then what are we doing about it? It is time to seek the righteous path.
Conclusion
A cogent argument is well-structured, supported by relevant facts, and effectively communicates its point. It makes it easy for others to understand and accept the conclusion, leaving little room for doubt and making it compelling and persuasive. Hinduism is a way of life and seeking truth at all times.
Hinduism is rooted in a comprehensive value system that emphasises ethical living, spiritual practice, and philosophical inquiry over the exclusive worship of a single deity. This characteristic reflects the religion's adaptability and richness, allowing for various interpretations and practices among its followers. Freedom of expression is a basic human requirement that adds to the resilience of 'Indianness'.
India's essence lies in its remarkable diversity, cultural richness, and deep-rooted philosophy of unity in diversity. It is a land where various religions, languages, traditions, and customs coexist harmoniously, creating a vibrant and multifaceted mosaic of life.
Image source: Self-realisation
The value systems, if solid, are what make the world go round. Combine it with syncretism, and you have a giant that has woken up to its strength. India has yet to go a long way to be a colossus of modern times. Yet, it was a huge force to reckon with in the past. If we invest in our value system and our technical ability, there is no reason why we cannot be a world power. This can come about only through nationalism that transcends manmade boundaries. Authentic patriotism is crucial in today's times.
India's values, rooted in its cultural and philosophical heritage, are universally accepted and align with global ideals. These values include universal humanism, democracy, non-violence, and religious freedom, cherished globally through its commitment to peaceful coexistence and tolerance. India's emphasis on honesty, loyalty, sharing, and civility mirrors universal ethical standards, making them relatable across cultures. These values continue to shape Indian society and resonate with global efforts to build more peaceful and democratic systems.
The relative peace among Hindu sects results from philosophical flexibility, cultural tolerance, historical coexistence, shared rituals, and supportive political dynamics. These factors create a conducive environment for various sects to thrive alongside one another, emphasising mutual respect and understanding. Any disturbance could make the ‘house of cards’ fall. Prudence is religiously adhering to the value system of humanness to retain our 'Indianness'.
Given the vast range of human experiences, one might argue that universal emotions resonate more deeply with people. The complex identities of deities or the elaborate rituals and festivals associated with them are secondary. At worst, we can ‘agree to disagree’.
That brings me to the concept of "Ekam Sat, Vipra Bahudha Vadanti" (Truth is one; the wise call it by many names) from the Rig Veda, which encapsulates this idea, recognising that there can be different interpretations of the divine and the universe.
'Indianness' reflects a "feminine energy" embodying love, acceptance, tolerance, and resilience. It is central to our collective belief system and the foundation for fostering unity and harmony.
Doesn’t everyone want a sense of belonging, peace of mind, joy, and self-realisation? These may be subliminal, yet they exist. One needs to look inward to see them. Yoga and meditation assist with this. So, why can’t all humans belong to the world of consciousness instead of containing themselves in geographical, cultural, social, and economic circles?
I hope this 'search for truth’ has been useful to the reader.
So, shall we conclude by saying, ‘Seek divine help to know oneself’? We may find the thread connecting humans on Earth. And one fine day, we may finally reach a point where we can genuinely identify as globalists, embracing a world where our values are united.
